Theses and Dissertations

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AUDIT QUALITY AND FINANCIAL ACCOUNTABILITY IN NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS IN NORTHERN UGANDA: THE CASE OF SELECTED NON GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS IN GULU CITY_2024_pdf
(Gulu University, 2024-12-08) Ojok Victor
This study sought to establish the relationship between audit quality and financial accountability in non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in Gulu City. Specifically, this ought to have answered the following questions, how is audit quality assessed in selected NGOs in Gulu city? How is financial accountability carried out in selected NGOs in Gulu City? What is the relationship between audit quality and financial accountability in selected NGOs in Gulu City? To what extent does accounting policies moderate the relationship between audit quality and financial accountability in selected NGOs in Gulu City? The study was done between February 2024 to June 2024. The study was done in selected NGOs in Gulu city. A cross-sectional research design was applied to investigate the different players in the audit quality and financial accountability, which comprised of; Internal auditor, Finance Departments, Program Departments, Monitoring & Evaluation Department. The study employed both quantitative and qualitative data analytical methods. Data was collected by use of structured questionnaires and interview guides. Krejcie and Morgan (1970) sampling technique was used to select 67 sample size from a population of 70 people. The findings were presented by use of tables and charts with frequencies, valid percentages and model Summary, ANOVA was run to determine the relationship between audit quality and financial accountability in selected NGOs in Gulu city. The findings indicate that there is a correlation between audit quality and financial accountability in most of the NGOs in Gulu city such as World Vision (Gulu), Love one international (Gulu), Save the Children International (Gulu), SOS Children Village Uganda (Gulu), Carita Gulu, Gulu Women Economic Development and Globalization (GWED-G) and Thrive Gulu. This has built on the confident of staff, management and other key stakeholders to the organization. In conclusion therefore, financial accountability is a key factor in the running of every organization that needs to be taken seriously. However, financial accountability also needs to be carried out hand in hand with audit quality. Cash is the blood that runs through the veins of every organization and it’s a daily activity like recording the date of receipt, its accounting as well as the date of depositing the cheque-draft to the bank account are the same and needs a responsible person who will be responsible for managing all bank transactions.
BUDGET MANAGEMENT AND QUALITY OF HEALTHCARE SERVICE DELIVERY: A STUDY OF OMORO DISTRICT LOCAL GOVERNMENT
(Gulu University, 2026-10) OTTO, JUSTINE
This study examined the effect of budget management on the quality of healthcare service delivery in Omoro District Local Government. The study was guided by four objectives: to assess budget management practices, to examine the quality of healthcare service delivery, to determine the relationship between budget management practices and healthcare service delivery, and to establish the moderating effect of external audit on this relationship. The study was grounded in Budgetary Theory and Public Choice Theory. A descriptive cross-sectional research design was adopted using a mixed-methods approach. Data were collected from a sample of 133 respondents, including staff of Omoro District Local Government and key informants from health facilities and Village Health Teams. Questionnaires and interview guides were used to collect data. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS version 26, applying descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and regression analysis, while qualitative data were analyzed thematically. The findings revealed that budget management in Omoro District Local Government were highly implemented in terms of planning, preparation, implementation, and control. The quality of healthcare service delivery was found to be moderate, indicating that while services are being provided, several challenges still exist. The study further established that budget management have a significant positive effect on the quality of healthcare service delivery, particularly budget planning, implementation, and control, while budget preparation was not significant. In addition, external audit was found to significantly moderate the relationship between budget management and quality of healthcare service delivery, strengthening the effect of budget management on service quality. The study concludes that effective budget management, supported by strong external audit systems, are critical in improving the quality of healthcare service delivery. It recommends strengthening budget implementation and control systems, improving resource allocation to health facilities, enhancing audit follow-up mechanisms, and ensuring timely release of funds to local governments in order to enhance quality of healthcare service delivery.
CASH MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF HOTELS IN UGANDA: THE CASE OF SELECTED 3-STARS HOTELS IN GULU CITY
(Gulu University, 2026-06-18) AGENORWOT, ANNA
The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of cash management on financial performance of 3-stars hotels in Gulu City. The study was guided by five objectives; to determine the cash management practices in 3-stars hotels, to assess the level of financial performance of 3-stars hotels, to examine the relationship between cash management and financial performance of 3-stars hotels, to examine government policies governing 3-stars hotels, and to examine the moderating effects of government policies on the relationship between cash management and financial performance of 3-stars hotels in Gulu City. The study employed a cross-sectional design. Both quantitative and qualitative approaches were applied. A sample size of 140 was selected using purposive, random, and convenience sampling. Data were collected using structured questionnaire and interview guide. The study revealed that cash budgeting is moderately applied, primarily addressing operational needs, but with limited staff participation and monitoring. Cash disbursement practices were generally standardized, yet gaps exist in the recording of minor transactions and in the review of irregular expenditures. Cash control mechanisms are the most consistently practiced, focusing on safekeeping of funds, authorization processes, and bank reconciliations, though challenges remain in the segregation of duties. In terms of financial performance, profitability is actively pursued through planning and reinvestment, although fluctuating profit trends and external operational pressures hinder consistency. Liquidity is managed at the operational level, with limited application of formal assessment tools. Return on Equity is poorly understood and rarely used in performance evaluation. The study established a positive relationship between effective cash management and financial performance, revealing the strategic importance of budgeting, disbursement, and control mechanisms in enhancing financial outcomes. The study recommends improved staff involvement in budgeting, strengthening of internal control systems, and adoption of structured financial performance tracking tools. The study further calls on government authorities to support hotels through simplified regulatory compliance and greater awareness of tax relief provisions.
Debt Financing, Debt Management Behaviour, and the Growth Sustainability of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises in Lira City
(Gulu University, 2026) Okello, Apollo.
Growth sustainability of small and medium-sized enterprises depends on several interconnected factors; however, debt financing, debt management behaviour, and the effectiveness of these factors are influenced by the level of debt literacy among entrepreneurs. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of debt financing and debt management behaviour on the growth sustainability of small and medium enterprises in Lira City, Uganda, while assessing the moderating role of debt literacy. The study was guided by trade-off theory, sustainable growth theory, the theory of planned behavior, and financial capability theory. A sequential explanatory mixed-methods research design was adopted, involving a survey of 311 small and medium enterprises followed by semi-structured interviews to provide deeper explanations of the quantitative findings. The results revealed that loan characteristics, including loan size, interest rates, and repayment practices, significantly influenced enterprise growth sustainability. Debt management practices, particularly financial self-efficacy, budgeting discipline, and responsible repayment behaviour, also contributed to improved sustainability outcomes. The results further showed that debt literacy strengthened the relationship between debt management behaviour and enterprise growth sustainability, while its interaction with debt financing was influenced by prevailing lending conditions. Qualitative findings indicated that entrepreneurs experience challenges related to high borrowing costs, limited loan adequacy, short repayment periods, collateral requirements, and unclear loan charges, which affect borrowing decisions. The study recommends the development of SME financing products aligned with business cash flows, expansion of debt literacy and financial capability programmes, and stronger collaboration between financial institutions and SME support organizations to promote responsible borrowing and sustainable enterprise growth.
EMPLOYEE CAPABILITIES AND HEALTH CARE SERVICE DELIVERY AT GULU REFERRAL HOSPITAL
(Gulu University, 2026-10-26) ADONG LUCKY JOAN
This study was conducted in Gulu Regional Referral Hospital on employee’s capabilities and health care service delivery. The study objectives were to establish the level of employee capabilities, assess the level of Health Care delivery and examine the influence of health policies on Health Care delivery. Methodology used was both qualitative and quantitative research design. The key findings on the level of employee capabilities included; training has enhanced the level of knowledge, skills and creativity during service delivery in terms of efficiency. Employees had good interpersonal skills that promotes efficiency at work. Experience makes employees flexible in challenging situation. Concerning the level of Health Care service delivery, the key findings are: patients are satisfied with the quality of services. Patient's feedback improves on the quality of health care delivery. The influence of health policies on Health Care delivery, the study revealed that there is a strong positive relation through the effective implementation of health policies, medical ethics policy and human resource policy. In turn it promoted accountability and training of workforce, respect for human rights and protection of privacy. The study recommends that the human resource department needs to encourage retention of employees especially through refresher training, workshops, seminars and offering scholarship for both short and long courses so that its personnel are relevant to the job market and recruitment of experienced employees. Upholding the quality of health care by being responsive to emergency, having functional machines like X-Ray and CT scan. The finding asserts that accountability and medical ethics policy needs to be upheld among the employees to ensure respect for human rights, non-discrimination, integrity and protection of privacy for patients.
Employee Ethical Code of Conduct and Performance of Local Governments: A Case of Pader District Local Government
(Gulu University, 2026) Okidi Bajilo Oola
This study analyzed the influence of the employee ethical code of conduct on the performance of Pader District Local Government (PDLG). Specifically, the study: assessed the level of adherence to employee ethical code of conduct, the level of performance, the relationship between the employee ethical code of conduct and the performance of PDLG, and the mediating role of the Public Service standing order on the relationship between the ethical code of conduct and PDLG performance A Case study research design was used and a sample population of 63 consisting of heads of all departments, administrative staff, CAO and operational staff (implementers) of PDLG. Data were collected using questionnaire and interview guide tools and analyzed using computer software SPSS Version 20 and thematic content analysis for qualitative data. Generally, the study revealed a moderately high level of adherence to the ethical code of conduct and an average or moderate performance level of employees. Findings, additionally revealed a moderately strong relationship between the ethical code of conduct and employee performance. The level of adherence to employee ethical conduct in PDLG showed 63.1%, hence moderately high. The Ethical Code of Conduct has a stronger, statistically significant impact at 0.647, enhancing organizational efficiency by promoting accountability and transparency. The study revealed a moderate significant positive relationship between ethical code of conduct and performance of PDLG (r= 0.647, p<0.000). The study revealed a moderately positive influence of the public service standing order on the relationship between the ethical code of conduct and performance of PDLG. The study concludes that the ethical code of conduct significantly enhances performance in terms of efficiency, while the Public Service Standing Order, though positive, faces enforcement challenges. The study recommends that; (a) the heads of departments should implement comprehensive induction programs for their employees on the ethical code of conduct, and Public Service Standing Orders; (b) PDLG should conduct a thorough review of resource allocation and management practices to support employee recruitment to fill gaps.
FINANCIAL LITERACY AND ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE IN THE HOTEL INDUSTRY IN GULU CITY, UGANDA
(Gulu University, 2026-10) AYWELO, PHOEBE.
This study examined the relationship between financial literacy and organizational performance in hotels in Gulu City, Uganda, with particular emphasis on the moderating effect of leadership styles. Specifically, the study assessed the levels of financial literacy and organizational performance, established the relationship between financial literacy and organizational performance, and examined the moderating effect of leadership styles on this relationship. A cross-sectional research design was adopted to collect data from respondents in selected hotels in Gulu City. The study examined financial skills, financial knowledge, financial behaviour, organizational performance, and leadership styles. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, correlation, and regression analysis. The findings indicated a significant positive relationship between financial literacy and organizational performance (r = 0.581, p < 0.001). Regression analysis showed that financial literacy explained 47.2% of the variation in organizational performance (R² = 0.472). Financial skills, knowledge, and behaviour were associated with improved budgeting, resource management, financial accountability, and operational efficiency. Organizational performance was reflected in revenue growth, operational efficiency, and customer satisfaction. Leadership practices were also associated with employee performance, teamwork, discipline, and service delivery. The study concluded that financial literacy is an important factor associated with organizational performance in the hotel industry. It recommends continuous financial literacy training, adoption of appropriate financial management systems, promotion of sound financial practices, and effective leadership approaches to enhance hotel performance in Gulu City, Uganda.
HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT AND EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE: A STUDY OF THE HOTEL INDUSTRY IN LIRA CITY, NORTHERN UGANDA
(Gulu University, 2026-08) AKULLU,SUSAN
This study examined the relationship between human resource development and employee performance in the hotel industry focusing on Hotels in Lira City in Lango sub-region in Northern Uganda. A cross-sectional study design which incorporated both quantitative and qualitative data was adopted. The study sample was drawn from the staff members and clients of the hotels where purposive and simple random sampling techniques were used. Data were collected using a questionnaire and an interview guide. While quantitative data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 23, qualitative were analyzed using content analysis. It was established that human resource development in terms of staff training, career growth and development and mentorship is highly practiced. Similarly, work efficiency, work effectiveness, target realization and organizational citizenship behavior of employee performance of hotels in Lira City were rated above average. It was also established that there is a strong statistically significant correlation between human resource development and the employee’s performance of hotel industry; and that the work environment in the hotels has a moderating effect of on the relationship between the study variables. Hence the study concluded that, while the level of application of human resource development and employee performance of hotel industry in Lira City are very high, this was partly due to the moderation effect of the working environment. The study recommended that hotel industry should adhere to the application of human resource development so that it can sustain its human resource which in turn will ensure employee performance. The study also recommended that hotel industry and the human resource managers should continually carry out human resource training, career development and mentorship in order to determine in advance employee’s capabilities
Human Resource Management Practices and Employee performance in corporate organisation -Case Study (NWSC -Gulu)
(Gulu University, 2026-07-14) Oyella, Sheila
This study examined the effect of Human Resource Management Practices on employee performance in National Water and Sewerage Corporation(Gulu Area) focusing on Support Supervision ,Performance appraisal and career Development .Guided by the Goal setting theory and the expectancy theory ,the study adopted a cross sectional Design with both Qualitative and quantitative approaches .Data were collected from 112 employees using questionnaires and interview guide and analyzed using inferential and descriptive statistics for association and effects. Results indicate that Support Supervision has a strong significant positive relationship on employee performance whereas career development and performance appraisal has a moderate effect on employee performance, specifically effective training programs with supportive supervision improved employee efficiency and task quality. This clearly confirms that HRM practices are critical predictors of organizational effectiveness. The study concludes that investing in structured HR practices leads to measurable gains in employee effectiveness, efficiency, timeliness and service quality. It recommends that the organization should create more awareness on the human resource Management practices and how they are carried out within the organization so that they align and be able to improve better.
INTERNAL CONTROL SYSTEM AND FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF LOCAL GOVERNMENTS IN NORTHERN UGANDA: EVIDENCE FROM OYAM DISTRICT LOCAL GOVERNMENT
(Gulu University, 2026-04-26) OLILA, DENIS BONNY
Internal control system plays significant role in enhancing financial performance of institutions. This study investigated the effect of internal control system on financial performance of lower local governments with evidence from Oyam District Local Government. The aims of the study were: To assess the effectiveness internal control system; to examine the status of financial performance; to examine the relationship between internal control system and financial performance of lower local governments; to assess the moderating effect of IFMS on the relationship between the internal control system and financial performance of lower local governments the case of Oyam District Local Government. Cross-sectional research design was used in the study with purely quantitative approach. Data was collected using structured questionnaires from 174 staff of Oyam District Local Government. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics (frequencies and percentages) and inferential statistics (correlation and regression) with the aid of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25.0. Study findings revealed: The study finding shows a high level of usage of internal control system in terms of control activities and control environment, and a high level of financial performance. The study finding shows a moderate level of usage of internal control system in terms of control activities, control environment and risk assessment by management of Oyam District Local Government and at the same time, a high level of financial performance in the forms of accountability, financial reporting and performance of revenue. They also show that all the dimensions of internal control system (control activities, control environment and risk assessment) have significant positive relationship with the financial performance of Oyam District Local Government. At the same time, they show that integrated financial management systems moderated the relationship between internal control system and financial performance in Oyam District Local Government. The study concluded that internal control system has a significant positive effect on financial performance. The study recommended that; strategies aimed at improving financial performance should focus on control environment, control activities and risk management; and the study recommended need to strengthen integrated financial management system while implementing internal control system in order to influence financial performance
INTERNAL CONTROL SYTEMS AND SERVICE DELIVERY IN GULU ARCHDIOCESE, NORTHERN UGANDA
(Gulu University, 2016) ATIM BETTY GRACE
Current trends have made it imperative for all large organizations, even Church-based Organizations, to maintain internal control systems (ICS). This is because ineffective ICS promote inadequate provision of Service Delivery (SD) to the population. This study investigated the relationship between internal control systems and service delivery in Gulu Archdiocese, Northern Uganda. The systems were examined from the perspective of control environment, control activities and monitoring whereas service delivery focused on economy, efficiency, effectiveness and consistency as measures of service delivery. The research adopted a cross-sectional research design with a quantitative approach. Simple random and purposive sampling techniques were employed to select 25 parishes out of the population of 26 parishes in Gulu Archdiocese. From each of the sampled parish, 6 respondents were drawn. This gave a total of 160 respondents consisting of board of consulters, diocesan curia, different commissions, parish priests, parish health committees, parish education committees, parish pastoral council and parish finance committees. Primary data was collected using questionnaires and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS version 19.0). A one-way ANOVA, correlation and regression analyses were performed to answer various research questions. Results of ANOVA revealed a statistically insignificant difference in means of functionality of internal control systems in different deaneries. The difference in the means of the status of service delivery in different deaneries was also found to be statistically insignificant. Correlation analysis established positive relationship between internal controls, service delivery, governance systems, institutional e1_1vironment and resource commitment in Gulu Archdiocese. Regression analysis results revealed that a combination of internal control systems and resource commitment significantly predicted up to 74.3% of the variance in service delivery. The researcher recommends that Gulu Archdiocesan authority should strengthen its ICS in order to enhance performance in all parishes to ensure economical, efficient, effective and consistent SD. This can be accomplished through policy formulation, implementation, recruitment of knowledgeable staff, putting in place systems to monitor/ evaluate performance and providing refresher courses on leadership and management to all those concerned with delivery of services.
MANAGING VIRTUAL TEAM AND PROJECT PERFORMANCE A STUDY OF NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS IN WEST NILE REGION-UGANDA.
(Gulu University, 2026-04-12) LATIGO, JIMMY
Effective management of virtual teams plays a significant role in improving project performance in contemporary organizational environments. Accordingly, this study investigated the effect of virtual team management on project performance among selected non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in the West Nile Region of Uganda. Specifically, the study examined virtual team management practices among NGOs, assessed the level of project performance, established the relationship between virtual team management and project performance, and examined the mediating effect of ICT infrastructure on the relationship between virtual team management and project performance. To achieve these objectives, the study adopted a descriptive-correlational research design employing both quantitative and qualitative approaches. Data were collected from a sample of 126 respondents using structured questionnaires and interview guides, and subsequently analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, particularly correlation and regression analyses, to determine the relationships and effects among the study variables. The findings revealed that the level of project performance among NGOs in the West Nile Region was high and that virtual team management practices were strongly implemented. Furthermore, the study established that components of virtual team management, particularly knowledge management and team building, had a statistically significant effect on project performance. In addition, ICT infrastructure was found to mediate the relationship between virtual team management and project performance, thereby indicating that effective technological support enhances the contribution of virtual team practices to project outcomes. Consequently, the study concluded that virtual team management is a critical factor in enhancing project performance in non-governmental organizations. Therefore, the study recommends that NGOs strengthen virtual team management practices, particularly knowledge management and team building, while also investing in reliable ICT infrastructure to sustain and further improve project performance outcomes.
Microfinance credit terms and the performance of women-owned enterprises in Obongi district
(Gulu University, 2024-04) Abdullai Sebbi Ajagason
The study investigated the effect of Microfinance Credit Terms on the Performance of Women –Owned Enterprises in Obongi District, West Nile Region, Uganda . Specifically, the study objectives were, to examine themicrofinance credit terms issued to women-owned enterprises, to examine the status of performance of women- owned enterprises, to investigate the relationship between credit terms and performance of women-owned enterprises, to determine the relationship between management policy and performance of Women-owned enterprises. The study adopted a descriptive and cross sectional study design supported by qualitative and quantitative approaches. Sample size of 133 respondents was considered. Questionnaire was used to generate data which was analyzed and presented using SPSS. Qualitative data was analyzed using thematic analysis Results show that Performance of women-owned enterprises in Obongi District was average. The qualitative analysis revealed that the overall performance of women-owned ventures in the district is not exceptional. This suggests that there is room for improvement and intervention to enhance the performance of these enterprises. Furthermore, Micro-finance credit terms are stringent and unfavorable: The qualitative findings indicate that the current micro-finance credit terms are perceived as stringent and unfavorable for women-owned enterprises.This suggests that the existing credit terms may pose challenges and constraints for these businesses in accessing and utilizing financial resources effectively. The study recommends that Microfinance Institutions should review and revise microfinance credit terms. This is so because the study indicates that the current credit terms are stringent and unfavorable for women-owned enterprises. It is recommended to review and revise these terms to make them more favorable and accommodating for women entrepreneurs. This may involve considering lower interest rates, flexible repayment periods, and other terms that better align with the specific needs and constraints of women-owned businesses. The study concludes that an emphasis should be put on interventions and policy changes to improve the performance of women-owned enterprises in Obongi District. This includes revising micro-finance credit terms, addressing high interest rates, promoting flexible repayment periods, and implementing supportive management policies. These measures can contribute to creating a more enabling environment for women entrepreneurs and enhance the overall performance and sustainability of their ventures.
MOTIVATION AND TEACHERS’ PERFORMANCE IN GOVERNMENT AIDED PRIMARY SCHOOLS: A STUDY OF LABONGO LAYAMO SUB-COUNTY KITGUM DISTRICT
(Gulu University, 2026-10) AKELLO, JENNIFER JB
Teachers’ motivation has become an important issue given their responsibility to impart knowledge and skills to learners. Satisfied and motivated teachers are generally more productive and can influence students’ achievement. This study examined the effect of motivation on teachers’ performance in government aided primary schools in Labongo Layamo Sub-County, Kitgum District. The study was guided by the following objectives: to assess the level of motivation of teachers; to assess the level of teachers’ performance; to determine the relationship between motivation and teachers’ performance; and to determine the influence of contextual factors on teachers’ performance. The study used a descriptive survey design with purely quantitative approach. Data was collected from the total of 92 respondents comprising of the teachers, head teachers, chairpersons’ PTA from all the five-government aided primary schools in Labongo Layamo Sub-County, Kitgum District. Data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics with the help of SPSS software. The study findings revealed a high level of teachers’ motivation and high level of teachers’ performance, though the level of remuneration as a component of motivation remained low. The study further revealed that leadership styles and responsibility have significant positive relationship with teachers’ performance. Contextual factors do not have any statistically significant effect on teacher’s performance. The study concludes that motivation plays crucial role in enhancing performance of teachers in Government aided primary schools. The study recommends that measures to improve teachers’ performance should focus on leadership styles and responsibility as components of motivation since they have statistically significant effect on teachers’ performance.
NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATION SUPPORTED VILLAGE SAVINGS AND LOAN ASSOCIATIONS (VSLAs) AND HOUSEHOLD LIVELIHOODS IN, NORTHERN UGANDA: A CASE OF THRIVE- GULU SUPPORTED VSLAs IN GULU CITY
(Gulu University, 2026) Akello Filda
Village Savings and Loan Associations have emerged as a significant and transformative approach to improving household livelihoods in diverse socio-economic contexts. This study investigated Village Savings and Loan Associations and household livelihood; the case of Village Savings and Loan Associations under the support of THRIVE-Gulu. The study was guided by the following objectives: to examine the status of Village Savings and Loan Associations in Gulu city; to assess the level of household livelihoods; to determine the relationship between Village Savings and Loan Associations ship between Village Savings and Loan Associations and household livelihoods. Descriptive and cross-sectional research designs were used. Data was collected using questionnaires and interview guides from a sample of 286 Village Savings and Loan Associations members. Data analysis was performed using descriptive and inferential statistics with the help of Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 25.0 software. The study finding shows that savings and credit have significant effect on household livelihoods while soft-skills do not have any significant effect on household livelihoods; the study further found that social trust has a significant moderating effect on the relationship between Village Savings and Loan Associations and household livelihoods. The study concludes that Village Savings and Loan Associations remains a key mechanism in enhancing household livelihoods. The study recommends that measures to improve household livelihood should focus on savings and credit since they have significant effect on household livelihoods. Furthermore, Village Savings and Loan Associations implementors should integrate social trust into Village Savings and Loan Associations operations in order to have greater effect on household livelihoods.

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